Речник за експати
27 Термини, обяснени просто
Бюрокрацията е трудна. Ето нашето окончателно ръководство.
Abmeldung
(Deregistration)The process of officially notifying the German authorities that you are moving out of your residence and leaving Germany or moving abroad. It is required to cancel many contracts legally.
Anmeldung
(Registration)The legal requirement to register your residential address at the local citizen's office (Bürgeramt) within 14 days of moving into a new permanent home in Germany.
Aufenthaltstitel
(Residence Permit)The document that grants a non-EU citizen the legal right to reside in Germany for a specific purpose (work, study, family). It can be a temporary permit or a permanent settlement permit.
Ausländerbehörde
(Immigration Office)The local government office responsible for handling visa applications, residence permits, and all immigration-related matters for non-German citizens.
Bürgeramt
(Citizens' Office)The administrative office in each district where residents handle basic bureaucratic tasks, most importantly the Anmeldung (address registration).
ELSTER
(Electronic Tax Portal)The official online portal of the German tax authorities (Finanzamt) used for filing tax returns and communicating electronically with the tax office.
Finanzamt
(Tax Office)The regional government authority responsible for the collection of taxes and the administration of tax laws.
Freistellungsauftrag
(Tax Exemption Mandate)An instruction given to your bank or broker to allow a certain amount of investment income (up to €1,000 for individuals) to be paid out without withholding capital gains tax.
Führungszeugnis
(Certificate of Conduct)A police clearance certificate that states whether an individual has a criminal record. Often required by employers or for certain professional licenses.
Girokonto
(Checking Account)The standard bank account for daily financial transactions, salary reception, and direct debit payments in Germany.
Haftpflichtversicherung
(Liability Insurance)A highly recommended private insurance that covers you if you accidentally cause damage to a third party or their property. In Germany, this is considered a 'must-have'.
Kaltmiete
(Base Rent)The 'cold' rent, which is the cost of the space itself without heating, water, or other utility costs (Nebenkosten).
Kirchensteuer
(Church Tax)A tax (approx. 8-9% of your income tax) collected by the state on behalf of the major churches. You only pay it if you officially register as a member of a church.
Kündigungsfrist
(Notice Period)The legally or contractually agreed period of time that must pass between the notification of a cancellation and the actual end of the contract (e.g., 3 months for apartments).
Lastschrift
(Direct Debit)The most common way to pay recurring bills in Germany. You authorize a company to withdraw money directly from your bank account.
Lohnsteuer
(Income Tax (Employment))The part of the income tax that is deducted directly from your salary by your employer and paid to the tax office.
Meldebescheinigung
(Registration Certificate)The official document you receive after completing your Anmeldung. It is required for opening bank accounts and getting phone contracts.
Nebenkosten
(Utility Costs / Service Charges)The additional costs of an apartment beyond the base rent, including heating, water, waste disposal, and building maintenance.
Rentenversicherung
(Pension Insurance)The mandatory state pension system. Contributions are deducted from your gross salary to fund your future retirement income.
Rundfunkbeitrag
(Broadcasting Fee (GEZ))A mandatory fee of €18.36 per household per month that funds public television and radio stations in Germany.
SCHUFA
(Credit Record)Germany's largest credit bureau. Landlords and banks use it to check your financial reliability and credit history.
Solidaritätszuschlag
(Solidarity Surcharge)An additional tax (5.5% of income tax) originally introduced to fund the costs of German reunification. Today, only high earners pay it.
Steuer-ID
(Tax ID Number)A unique 11-digit number assigned to you for life. Required by your employer and for opening a bank account.
Steuererklärung
(Tax Return)The annual filing of your financial information to the tax office. Most expats receive a refund when they file a tax return.
Ummeldung
(Change of Address Registration)The process of updating your address with the Bürgeramt when you move from one German residence to another.
Warmmiete
(Total Rent (Warm))The total monthly rent payment including the base rent (Kaltmiete) and estimated utility costs (Nebenkosten). Does usually not include electricity or internet.
Wohnungsgeberbestätigung
(Landlord Confirmation)A mandatory form signed by your landlord confirming that you have moved into the property. It is required for the Anmeldung.
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